Formosa Marine Farm: 7月 2015

2015年7月23日星期四

彎鰭燕魚 Platax pinnatus

彎鰭燕魚 Platax pinnatus

中文俗名:

蝙蝠魚、鯧仔、圓海燕、飛翼、白鯧(臺東)、圓翅燕魚。

英文俗名:

Pinnate batfish; Pinnate spadefish; Batfish; Dusky batfish; Longfin batfish; Long-finned batfish; Longfinned batfish.

形態特徵:

體呈菱形，極側扁；頭部背面眼至吻部間稍凹，眼後至背部間突出；眼間隔寬小於眼徑。吻短而略尖突。口下位；上下頜約等長，下頜具小孔4對；頜齒具三牙尖，以中央牙尖特別長；鋤骨具齒，腭骨無齒。體被小櫛鱗；側線弧形，側線鱗數44-52；背鰭單一，背鰭硬棘與軟條無缺刻，硬棘V或VI，埋於鰭前緣，軟條34-37；臀鰭硬棘III，軟條24-28，背、臀鰭前方鰭條均延長，呈鐮刀狀；腹鰭延長；尾鰭截形或雙凹形。

成魚體灰白色至銀黃色；具一與眼徑約等寬之眼帶；自背鰭起點經胸部至腹鰭起點具一黑橫帶；腹鰭黑色；胸鰭黃色；背鰭、臀鰭與尾鰭中央黃色，末稍黑色。稚魚黑褐色，鰭緣橘色，隨著成長體色漸淡，體側橫帶逐漸明顯。

棲所生態:

幼魚主要在淺海區域獨自悠游，並棲息於珊瑚礁或岩礁之中，為了避免被大魚捕食，經常側躺，並將鰭以波浪狀運動，藉以模仿有毒的扁虫來保護自己。成魚則喜歡成群在珊瑚礁外緣活動，晝伏夜出。個性都很「平易近人」，很容易就和潛水者親近。

地理分布:

分布於西太平洋區，由日本南部至澳洲。除西部海域外，臺灣各地海域及離島均產。

外觀相片(Photo-Platax pinnatus):

Scientific Name:

Platax pinnatus

Common Name:

Pinnate batfish; Pinnate spadefish; Batfish; Dusky batfish; Longfin batfish; Long-finned batfish; Longfinned batfish.

Characteristic:

Body orbicular and strongly compressed. Large adults with protruding snout, the front head profile distinctly concave. Jaws with bands of slender, flattened, tricuspid teeth, the middle cusp about twice length of lateral cusps; vomer with teeth, but none on palatines. Three or 4 pores on each side of lower jaw. Dorsal fin single, with V or VI spines and 34 to 37 soft rays; anal fin with III spines and 25 to 27 soft rays; juveniles with pelvic fins and anterior soft rays of dorsal and anal fins elongated, but pelvic fins not reaching past vertical at rear end of anal-fin base; pectoral fins shorter than head, with 18 or 19 rays; caudal fin truncate. Scales small and smooth. Lateral line complete, with 44 to 53 scales. Colour in adults yellowish silvery or dusky, with a black bar through eye and another dark bar just behind head; median fins dusky yellow, with black margins posteriorly; pelvic fins black. Small juveniles black, with bright orange margin around median and pelvic fins, continued as a median stripe along front of head from dorsal fin to lips, the rear third of caudal fin clear, preceded by the orange stripe continued along upper and lower edges of fin. Larger juveniles mostly blackish brown, with orange margin around fins, the middle third of body silvery with faint vertical black streaks.

Habitats:

Adults are generally solitary and found under overhangs of steep outer reef slopes to a depth of at least 20 m. Juveniles are encountered in mangroves and inner sheltered reefs where they seek shelter in caves or under ledges.

Distribution:

Widespread in the tropical and subtropical waters of the western Pacific region from the Ryukyu Islands of southern Japan, Taiwan to the Philippines, Indonesia, New Guinea, and northern Australia. It is common in waters around Taiwan.

黃鰭棘鯛 Acanthopagrus latus

黃鰭棘鯛 Acanthopagrus latus

中文俗名:

黃鰭鯛、黃鰭、赤翅仔、赤翅、花身、鏡鯛。

英文俗名:

Yellow-finned black porgy; Yellow fin seabream; Yellow seabream; Yellow sea bream; Yellowfin seabream; Japanese silver bream.

形態特徵:

體高而側扁，體呈橢圓形，背緣隆起，腹緣圓鈍。頭中大，前端尖。口端位；上下頜約等長；上頜前端具圓錐齒2-3對，兩側具臼齒4列，下頜前端具圓錐齒2-3對，兩側具臼齒3列；鋤骨、腭骨及舌面皆無齒。體被薄櫛鱗，背鰭及臀鰭基部均具鱗鞘，基底被鱗；側線完整，側線至硬棘背鰭基底之間有3.5列鱗。

背鰭單一，硬棘部及軟條部間無明顯缺刻，硬棘強，第IV或V棘最長；臀鰭小，與背鰭鰭條部同形，第II棘強大；胸鰭中長，長於腹鰭；尾鰭叉形。體灰白至淡色，體側具金黃色之點狀縱帶；鰓蓋具黑色緣；側線起點及胸鰭腋部各有一黑點。背鰭灰色至透明無色；胸鰭、腹鰭及臀鰭在魚體新鮮時會呈現鮮黃色，有時在鰭膜間具黑紋；尾鰭灰色具暗色緣，下葉具黃色光澤。

棲所生態:

主要棲息在泥地或砂質底地形之陸棚或沿岸海域，最大深度可達50公尺左右，亦會進入河口或淡水域中。幼魚時期棲息在灣內平緩之半淡鹹水域。以多毛類、軟體動物、甲殼類、棘皮動物及其他小魚為主食。

地理分布:

分布於印度-西太平洋區，西起波斯灣，東至菲律賓，北至日本，南至澳洲。臺灣於北部、東北部及西部較為常見。

外觀相片(Photo-Acanthopagrus latus):

Scientific Name:

Acanthopagrus latus

Common Name:

Yellow-finned black porgy; Yellow fin seabream; Yellow seabream; Yellow sea bream; Yellowfin seabream; Japanese silver bream.

Characteristic:

Dorsal fin with XI spines, 4th and 5th lonest. Anal fin with VIII-IX spines, small, 2nd strongest. Coudal fin forked. Body white grey to light. Bodyside golden spot band. Dorsal fin grey to transparent. Pectoral fin, pelvic fin, and Anal fin yellow when they are fresh, sometimes fin membrance with black stripe. Caudal fin grey with dark edge. Lower side with shinning yellow.

Habitats:

Occur in shallow coastal waters and enters river mouths and estuaries. Schooling species; often feeds on tidal flats. Feed mainly on echinoderms, worms, crustaceans and mollusks. Mainly exploited by artisanal fisheries. Sold fresh in markets. Used in Chin.

Distribution:

Indo-West Pacific: Persian Gulf and along the coast of India eastward to the Philippines, northward to Japan and southward to Australia. Also recorded from the Gulf of Tadjourah, Djibouti.

四指馬鮁 Eleutheronema tetradactylum

四指馬鮁 Eleutheronema tetradactylum

中文俗名:

四絲馬鮁、竹午、午魚、午仔、鬚午仔、發鬚午仔。

英文俗名:

Fourfinger threadfin.

形態特徵:

體延長而側扁。頭中大，前端圓鈍。吻短而圓。眼較大，位於頭的前部；脂性眼瞼發達，呈長橢圓形。

口大，下位，口裂近水平；下頜唇不發達，只有近口角部份保留唇之構造；上下頜兩側均有牙齒，其外側有小齒；鋤骨及腭骨亦具齒。體被櫛鱗，背、臀及胸鰭基部均具鱗鞘，而胸鰭及腹鰭基部腋鱗長尖形，兩腹鰭間另具一個三角形鱗瓣；側線直，且向後方緩慢傾斜，有孔的側線鱗數為71-80；側線上鱗列數9-12(通常為10)；側線下鱗列數13-15(通常為14)；背、尾鰭的黑緣較不明顯；胸鰭鰭膜為鮮明的黃色(標準體長達35公分以上的大型魚則為暗黃色)；腹鰭的前緣黃色，其餘部分為白色。

棲所生態:

主要棲息於砂泥底質地形環境，包括沿岸、河口、紅樹林等半淡鹹水海域，皆可見其蹤跡。喜群棲性，常成群洄游，有季節洄游之習性，會隨著漁期到來而大量湧現。以蝦、蟹、魚類及蠕蟲等為食。

地理分布:

分布於印度-西太平洋區海域，包括印度至東南亞各沿海，北至菲律賓，南至巴布新幾內亞、澳洲北部等沿海。臺灣西南沿岸已有自東南亞引進人工養殖，野外偶而被捕獲，是否為逃逸或是放流的族群，尚須研究。

外觀相片(Photo-Eleutheronema tetradactylum):

Scientific Name:

Eleutheronema tetradactylum

Common Name:

Fourfinger threadfin.

Reference:

The Live Marine Resources of the Western Central Pacific, Vol.5(FAO, 2001)；Motomura, H., Y. Iwatsuki, S. Kimura and T. Yoshino 2002 Revision of the Indo-West Pacific polynemid fish genus Eleutheronema (Teleostei: Perciformes).

Habitats:

Benthos、Estuary、Fresh Water、Coastal、
Lagoon、Coral & Sand.

Distribution:

India Ocean to West Pacific Ocean, South、South West Taiwan.

浪人鰺 Caranx ignobilis

浪人鰺 Caranx ignobilis

中文俗名:

牛港鰺、牛港瓜仔、牛公瓜仔、流氓瓜仔、牛港過。

英文俗名:

White ulua; Yellowfin jack; Yellow-fin trevally; Trevally; Big-headed jack; Black ulua; Giant trevally; Goyan fish; Giant kingfish; Jack; Lowly trevally.

形態特徵:

體呈卵圓形，側扁而高，隨著成長，身體逐漸向後延長。頭背部強度彎曲，頭腹部則幾乎呈直線。脂性眼瞼普通發達，前部達眼之前緣，後部達瞳孔後緣，留下略呈半圓的縫隙。吻鈍。上頜末端延伸至瞳孔後緣。鰓耙數(含瘤狀鰓耙)20-24。體被圓鱗，胸部僅於腹鰭基部前方裸露無鱗，除了腹鰭基部前方有一小區域被鱗。

側線前部彎曲大，直走部始於第二背鰭第6-7軟條之下方，直走部幾全為稜鱗。第二背鰭與臀鰭同形，前方鰭條呈彎月形，不延長為絲狀。體背藍綠色，腹部銀白色。各鰭淡色至淡黃色。鰓蓋後緣不具任何黑斑，體側亦無任何斑紋。

棲所生態:

近沿海洄游性魚類。成魚多單獨棲息於具清澈水質的瀉湖或向海的礁區；幼魚常出現於河口區域。主要在夜晚覓食，以甲殼類如螃蟹類，龍蝦類及魚類為對象。

地理分布:

廣泛分布於印度-西太平洋之熱帶及亞熱帶海域，西起非洲東岸，東至夏威夷群島，北自日本南部，南迄澳洲北部海域。臺灣各沿岸經常可見其蹤跡。

外觀相片(Photo-Trachinotus blochii):

Scientific Name:

Caranx ignobilis

Common Name:

White ulua; Yellowfin jack; Yellow-fin trevally; Trevally; Big-headed jack; Black ulua; Giant trevally; Goyan fish; Giant kingfish; Jack; Lowly trevally.

Characteristic:

D. VIII, I+19-20; A. II, I+15-16; P. i+19-20; G.R. 5-6+16-17; CLS. 58-64; SLS. 0-3 scales, 30-35 scutes; vertebrate 10+14. Breast ventrally naked with a small patch of minute scales. The anterior lateral line strongly curved, becoming straight below the 6-7th ray of the second dorsal fin. Adults with head and body silvery grey to black above, usually paler below; fins usually uniformly grey to black, except leading edge and tips of dorsal- and anal-fin lobes paler; no dark spot on upper margin of opercle; mature males usually darker than females, sometimes head and fins completely black; juveniles and young adults generally with more silvery bodies and paler fins, fish from turbid coastal waters often with yellow fins, the anal fin usually brightest.

Habitats:

Adults occur singly and inhabit clear lagoon and seaward reefs. Juveniles found in estuaries. Feed on crustaceans and fishes at night. Large individuals may be ciguatoxic. Spawn on shallow seaward reefs and offshore banks.

Distribution:

Broadly distributed in tropical and subtropical waters of Indo-Pacific. It is frequently found in all Taiwanese waters.

布氏鯧鯵, 卵形鯧 Trachynotus blochii

布氏鯧鯵, 卵形鯧 Trachynotus blochii

中文俗名:

金鯧、紅杉、紅沙瓜仔、黃臘鰺。

英文俗名:

Snubnose pompano; Silver pampano; Silver pompano; Ovate pompano; Round pompano; Pompano; Spinous dory; Buck-nosed trevally; Asian pompano.

形態特徵:

體呈卵圓形，甚側扁，隨著成長而逐漸向後延長。第一背前骨呈圓形。尾柄短細，背腹側無肉質稜脊亦無凹槽。吻鈍。眼小，脂性眼瞼不發達。上下頜、鋤骨和腭骨均具細小的絨毛狀齒，隨著成長而漸退化；舌面一般無齒。第一鰓弓下枝鰓耙數(含瘤狀鰓耙)7-10。

側線幾呈直線狀或微波狀，無稜鱗。無離鰭。第一背鰭5-6硬棘，幼魚時，具鰭膜，隨著成長而漸呈游離狀；第二背鰭與臀鰭同形，前方鰭條延長而呈彎月形；無離鰭；尾鰭深叉，末端尖細。體背藍灰色，腹部銀白色；體側無任何斑點。背鰭暗色；臀鰭暗色至暗橙色而具棕色緣；尾鰭暗色至暗橙色而具黑色緣。

棲所生態:

幼魚主要棲息於近沿岸砂泥底質水域或砂泥底質的內灣，成魚則成群棲息於沿岸礁石底質水域。以生活於沙地之軟體動物或其它具硬殼之無脊椎動物為食。

地理分布:

廣泛分布於印度-太平洋之暖水域。臺灣南部、東部海域有產，一般市面上所見皆為養殖魚。

外觀相片(Photo-Trachinotus blochii):

Scientific Name:

Trachynotus blochii

Common Name:

Snubnose pompano; Silver pampano; Silver pompano; Ovate pompano; Round pompano; Pompano; Spinous dory; Buck-nosed trevally; Asian pompano.

Characteristic:

D. V-VI, I+18-19; A. II, I+16-17; P. i+17-18; G.R. 6-7+8-9; vertebrate 10+14. Body deep, ovate and compressed. Snout blunt. Maxilla extends beyond anterior border of pupil. Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer and palatines, but rudimentary with growth; tongue toothless. Lateral line slightly arched. First predorsal (supraneural) bone shaped like an inverted teardrop- or oval-shaped, this character is easily observed by simple dissection along midline of nape; supraoccipital bone of skull thin and blade-like in adults. Head and body generally silvery, blue-grey above, paler below; large adults sometimes with most of body golden orange, especially snout and lower half of body; second dorsal fin dark, lobe of fin dusky orange; anal fin dusky to dirty orange, lobe with a brownish anterior margin; caudal fin dark to dirty orange, leading edges of fin darkest; pelvic fins white to dirty orange; pectoral fins dark; juveniles silvery with pale fins, except lobes of median fins and anterior half of pelvic fins brownish to dirty orange.

Habitats:

Juveniles inhabit sandy shorelines and shallow sandy or muddy bays near river mouths, while adults move out in schools to clear seaward reefs and found near coral and rock reefs. Juveniles in small schools, while adults are usually solitary. Feeds primari .

Distribution:

Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical waters of Indo-West Pacific from Red Sea and East Africa to the Marshall Islands and Samoa, north to southern Japan, south to Australia; throughout Micronesia. It is very common in all Taiwanese water.